# Tesamorelin References: The Cited Studies and Sources | Tesamorelin

> The full tesamorelin reference list — every study, meta-analysis, and source cited across this site, with DOIs and PubMed links. The complete tesamorelin citation record.

Every study cited across this site, with DOIs and PubMed identifiers — the trials, the meta-analysis, the pharmacokinetic modeling, and the drug-safety monograph the figures rest on.

## How these sources were used

Every quantitative claim on this site maps to a numbered citation below. The evidence base is led by two Phase 3 randomized controlled trials in HIV-associated lipodystrophy [1][2], a JAMA hepatic-fat trial [3], a mechanistic study in healthy men [4], a population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis [11], and a 2026 meta-analysis of five randomized trials [15], with the NIH LiverTox monograph as the drug-safety source [5]. Secondary sources (the FDA prescribing label and clinical references) are cited where noted in the text, chiefly for the terminal half-life figure. This is an editorial digest of the published literature; it adds no findings of its own.

## References

[1] Falutz J, Allas S, Blot K, Potvin D, Kotler D, Somero M, Berger D, et al. Metabolic effects of a growth hormone-releasing factor in patients with HIV. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(23):2359-2370. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18057338/
[2] Falutz J, Allas S, Mamputu JC, Potvin D, Kotler D, Somero M, Berger D, Brown S, Richmond G, Fessel J, Turner R, Grinspoon S. Long-term safety and effects of tesamorelin, a growth hormone-releasing factor analogue, in HIV patients with abdominal fat accumulation. AIDS. 2008;22(14):1719-1728. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18690162/
[3] Stanley TL, Feldpausch MN, Oh J, Branch KL, Lee H, Torriani M, Grinspoon SK. Effect of tesamorelin on visceral fat and liver fat in HIV-infected patients with abdominal fat accumulation: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2014;312(4):380-389. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25038357/
[4] Stanley TL, Chen CY, Branch KL, Makimura H, Grinspoon SK. Effects of a growth hormone-releasing hormone analog on endogenous GH pulsatility and insulin sensitivity in healthy men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(1):150-158. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20943777/
[5] National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Tesamorelin. In: LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury. NCBI Bookshelf (NIH); 2018. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548730/
[6] Wang Y, Tomlinson B. Tesamorelin, a human growth hormone releasing factor analogue. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2009;18(3):303-310. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19243281/
[7] Makimura H, Murphy CA, Feldpausch MN, Grinspoon SK. The effects of tesamorelin on phosphocreatine recovery in obese subjects with reduced GH. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99(1):338-343. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24178787/
[8] Norman C, Miles J, Bowers CY, Veldhuis JD. Differential pulsatile secretagogue control of GH secretion in healthy men. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2013;304(9):R712-R719. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23485864/
[9] Veldhuis JD, Keenan DM, et al. Preservation of GHRH and GH-releasing peptide-2 efficacy in young men with experimentally induced hypogonadism. Eur J Endocrinol. 2009;161(2):293-300. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19458139/
[10] Veldhuis JD, Erickson D, et al. Endogenous estrogen regulates somatostatin-induced rebound GH secretion in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;101(11):4298-4304. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27459535/
[11] Gonzalez-Sales M, Barriere O, Tremblay PO, Nekka F, Mamputu JC, Boudreault S, Tanguay M. Population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis of tesamorelin in HIV-infected patients and healthy subjects. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn. 2015;42(3):287-299. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25895899/
[12] Stanley TL, Falutz J, Mamputu JC, Soulban G, Potvin D, Grinspoon SK. Effects of tesamorelin on inflammatory markers in HIV patients with excess abdominal fat: relationship with visceral adipose reduction. AIDS. 2011;25(10):1281-1288. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21516030/
[13] Lake JE, La K, Erlandson KM, Adrian S, Yenokyan G, Scherzinger A, Dube MP, Stanley T, Grinspoon S, Falutz J, Mamputu JC, Marsolais C, McComsey GA, Brown TT. Tesamorelin improves fat quality independent of changes in fat quantity. AIDS. 2021;35(9):1395-1402. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33756511/
[14] Mangili A, Falutz J, Mamputu JC, Stepanians M, Hayward B. Predictors of treatment response to tesamorelin, a growth hormone-releasing factor analog, in HIV-infected patients with excess abdominal fat. PLoS One. 2015;10(10):e0140358. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26457580/
[15] Badran AS, et al. Body composition, hepatic fat, metabolic, and safety outcomes of tesamorelin, a GHRH analogue, in HIV-associated lipodystrophy: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Obes Res Clin Pract. 2026. Advance online publication. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41545261/

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The tesamorelin literature read as one procession of banner-marked findings -- the visceral-fat and IGF-1 trials carried back to their studies, the FDA-approved HIV-lipodystrophy scope held in the gold and every off-label use kept off-label, the reverts-when-you-stop and IGF-1 caveats flying their own pennants; an ornamented digest of the published evidence, never a clinic, a vendor, or a prescription.